Which of the following is a traditional revenue source for a pharmacy?

The retail sale of merchandise and over-the-counter (OTC) medication is a longstanding and traditional revenue source for pharmacies. This includes both prescription and non-prescription items that consumers readily purchase while seeking health-related products. Historically, pharmacies have generated income through the direct sale of medications, health and wellness products, personal care items, and sometimes general merchandise. This allows pharmacies to maintain a steady cash flow as they fulfill the immediate needs of their customers.

In contrast, consultation fees for professional services, while increasingly important, represent a more modern approach to pharmacy revenue that may not have been as prevalent in the traditional model. Investment income from stocks and bonds typically does not relate directly to pharmacy operations but rather involves financial markets, and it generally serves as ancillary revenue rather than the primary source. Membership fees for loyalty programs can generate income but are also a relatively modern phenomenon and depend on the marketing and customer engagement strategies of the pharmacy rather than being a foundational revenue source.